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The concept of mock-up, which share with the drawing the expressive synthesis for the analysis of the architectural form and evolution, is an invaluable asset for the preservation of the heritage. To mark the 175th anniversary of the Práxedes Mateo Sagasta’s secondary school of Logroño (Spain), an exhibition about the history of the institution was organized at the premises of La Rioja Library. The current school building became operational in 1900 and was built on the former site of a Carmelite convent. In fact, the convent rooms were the first location for the school, after the expropriations of religious communities during the mid-19th century. For the benefit of the aforementioned exhibition, it was considered interesting to generate a three-dimensional (3D) virtual reconstruction of the convent buildings to show how it would have looked. However, the lack of sufficient contemporary graphic information was a challenge, so it was decided that an efficient solution would be to generate the virtual reconstruction from a paper craft model, which had been created by the librarian of the secondary school as a result of his research on this matter. This text describes the 3D modelling of that cut-out element by means of monoscopic photogrammetry (perspective drawing) and the use of non-realistic rendering based on the appearance of the paper mock-up (and not trying to recreate the real image of the buildings) so as to provide a suggestive view of the convent and create interactive exhibition items. Moreover, the text deals with the long-term preservation and the improvement of the re-use of the 3D models. The former by resorting to institutional repositories —from which users can download the full detailed versions— and the latter employing versions able to be visualized in 3D warehouses (such as Sketchfab) and augmented reality (AR) applications. Highlights: • A significant part of the architectural heritage is represented by mock-ups of different materials (paper, wood, metal and so on). • Virtual modelling and augmented reality (AR) can be appropriate tools for materializing, recovering and disseminating scale models to the public. • Techniques for geometric documentation and visual representation need to be adapted in order to tackle the peculiar features of these elements (size, materials, fragility, etc.).

El uso y la gestión de la montaña en la sierra de Aralar han podido ser documentados desde el Neolítico hasta nuestros días en restos antrópicos que van desde megalitos hasta minas, pasando por el aprovechamiento de cuevas y diversos tipos de asentamientos en forma de cabañas. Estas evidencias han podido ser inventariadas, estudiadas y datadas en muchos casos. La ganadería, estacional, es la principal actividad relacionada con estas estructuras, y las condiciones ambientales, culturales y económicas han ido determinando sus características. Ha sido necesaria una metodología multidisciplinaria que apoyara a la arqueología para ir estudiando desde 1993 los a veces esquivos restos dejados por las personas que han gestionado los recursos de la zona.

The current digital technologies development makes it possible to apply new forms of studying historical events considering the geographical point of view. They rely on the location and the relationships among the different elements that took part in them over a recreated space (e.g. relief, roads, rivers); once these elements have been laid out on the virtual space, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be used to analyse several factors, such as distances, visibility, connectivity and so on. Nevertheless, the development of the actions was also driven by the aims, needs and beliefs (either wise or misguided) of the people/actors involved in those situations; therefore, some ways of including reasoning would significantly improve the actual recreation and understanding of the episodes. In this sense, “linear programming” is a very versatile tool for system modelling and optimization that is broadly used in many fields (e.g. industry, transports, agriculture, etc.). Likewise, this technique can also be applied to past scenarios to simulate dynamics and cross-check sources. In this text, two models regarding the distribution and the allocation of supplies during the siege of Bilbao, in the framework of the Third Carlist War (1872-1876), from both parties —beleaguerer and besieged— were established based on the war front textual reports. In these models, the scenario is recreated through the system variables (which define the alternatives that can be or could have been taken) and the constraints (which limit the range of action); moreover, the actors’ goals that guided the course of events are defined by the objective. Despite the simplification in the modelling, the results show very interesting hints about the dynamics involved during the processes and are able to highlight some critical issues that significantly conditioned the final results. Besides, the modelling process itself proved to be an opportunity for collaboration between historians and computer scientists. Highlights: • Geographic Information Systems (GIS) allow studying past events through the recreation of the geographical space and the interactions between the elements. • Linear programming can be a suitable option to include actors’ reasoning as a part of the modelling process. • The usefulness of the system models also enables the identification of critical issues, testing alternative scenarios and sharing information.

The Iberian Peninsula constitutes the Western limit of the dioecious Eurasian wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris). At present, it is a threatened plant, due to human impacts. This liana has had different uses in this territory from the Paleolithic until the end of the last century, including several medicinal applications, inherited from the classical Greek culture. In order to retrieve the available written information, we carried out an exhaustive bibliographic search of the pharmacopoeia linked to this Vitaceae, from the 16th century to the present day. Current references on chemical composition of different parts of grapevine and their medicinal uses were also covered. In parallel, we conducted research in several archives and made inquiries to historians, anthropologists, and sanitary personnel. We also interviewed elderly people from rural areas of Spain and Portugal where some relic populations of wild grapevine are still conserved. Among the written and oral medicinal uses compiled, the main ones are: the use of the grapevine bleeding water to alleviate eczema and skin eruptions and to combat conjunctivitis and keratitis; the use of must from unripe berries (agua de agraz in Spanish) as liver tonic and to treat digestive diseases; the leaves were used to reduce edema, as antihemorrhoidal, and for menopausal disorders; and finally, the vinegar was used to clean and disinfect wounds both on humans and animals. This paper highlights the tremendous erosion of the traditional knowledge about this relevant plant genetic resource.

Grapevine domestication took place in the Caucasus area known as the Cradle of Viticulture, within or near the geographical area known as the Vavilov Triangle. The phytogenetic resources of Vitis sylvestris C.C.Gmel. have been previously collected and characterized, but the study on micro vinifications of wild grapevines from the Caucasus is new. In the present document, seven grape samples from female individuals of wild grapevine growing in the South Caucasus region were investigated to assess their oenological profile. Wine samples were obtained from the grapes collected from various populations of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia in October 2013 and fermented by the native yeasts. Parameters determined in the wines were, among others, concentration of ethanol (3.63% – 10.15%), pH (3.30 – 4.20), total acidity (1.2 – 10.7 g/L of tartaric acid), total polyphenol index (1.81 – 89.8), and color intensity (2.59 – 20.76). This wide range values is due to the different environmental conditions, the level of ripeness of harvested grapes and their genetic diversity. These data were compared with those obtained in micro vinifications of wild grapevines in Western Europe and wines of several international cultivars. The results of our research demonstrated, that the must of wild grape could be used to improve traditional wines giving to them more coloration.

The microvinification of nine Eurasian wild grapevine populations situated in different habitats in La Rioja (Spain) and the Basque Country (Spain, France) were carried out. Populations were observed at flowering time in order to assess the presence of male and female vines. Both harvests took place during the last week of October and the first week of November in 2015 and 2016. Bunches were destalked by hand selecting only ripe grapes, pressed and the amount of must in each sample was weighed. The mixture of must with seeds and skins were fermented at 20ºC with native yeasts without the addition of Potassium metabisulphite. The principal objective was to determine the main oenological characteristics of these wild wines. Due to the small size of the grapes and the fact that their seeds (1 or 2) are quite bulky, the volume of must obtained is very low in each microvinification (15.3 and 16.7 % in weight). In 2015, they showed higher values of alcoholic concentration, lower total acidity and higher pH than with the wines of the year 2016 because berries were more mature and healthier. On the other hand, the ethanol concentration lies between 6.5 and 9%. In both years, the total acidity values are high due to the elevated content of tartaric acid, situated between 5.3 and 7.2 g/l. The color intensity of wines presents high values, between 15 and 23. This is closely related to the high content of anthocyanins, between 470 and 531 mg/l and the high total polyphenols index, within the interval (65.8, 107). In all the samples both kinds of values are considered appropriate for young red wines. These wild wines may suggest that the wild grapevine is a very interesting phytogenetic resource. It might improve the acidity and color intensity of wines by crossing with red cultivars, a very important characteristics in the present context of climatic change, mainly in warming regions, such as the Mediterranean vineyards. ____________________________________________ Se ha realizado la microvinificación de nueve poblaciones de vid silvestre euroasiáticas situadas en diferentes hábitats de La Rioja (España) y el País Vasco (España, Francia). Las poblaciones se observaron previamente en el momento de la floración para evaluar la presencia de ejemplares masculinos y femeninos. Ambas vendimias tuvieron lugar durante la última semana de octubre y la primera de noviembre de 2015 y 2016. Los racimos se despalillaron a mano seleccionando solo bayas maduras, se prensaron y se pesó la cantidad de mosto de cada muestra. La mezcla de mosto con semillas y pieles se fermentó a 20ºC con levaduras nativas sin adición de metabisulfito potásico. El objetivo principal era conocer las principales características enológicas de estos vinos de vid silvestre. Debido al pequeño tamaño de las bayas y al hecho de que las semillas (1 o 2) son bastante voluminosas, el volumen de mosto obtenido es muy bajo en cada microvinificación (15,3 y 16,7% en peso). En 2015, mostraron valores más altos de concentración alcohólica, menor acidez total y mayor pH que en los vinos del año 2016, porque las bayas eran más maduras y saludables. Por otro lado, la concentración de etanol se sitúa entre 6,5 y 9%. En ambos años, los valores de acidez total son altos debido al alto contenido de ácido tartárico, situado entre 5,3 y 7,2 g / l. La intensidad del color de los vinos presenta valores altos, entre 15 y 23. Esto está estrechamente relacionado con el contenido elevado de antocianinas, entre 470 y 531 mg / l y el elevado índice de polifenoles totales, situado dentro del intervalo (65.8-107). En todas las muestras, ambos tipos de valores se consideran apropiados para vinos tintos jóvenes. Estos vinos pueden sugerir que la vid silvestre es un recurso fitogenético muy interesante. Podrían cruzarse con variedades tintas de cultivo, con el fin de aumentar la acidez y la intensidad del color de los vinos. Estos son parámetros muy importantes en el marco actual de cambio climático, principalmente en regiones cálidas, como los viñedos mediterráneos.